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Human's ability to produce and oxidize ketone bodies arguably evolved to enhance survival during starvation by providing an energy source for the brain and slowing the breakdown of carbohydrate and protein stores (Owen et al., 1967 Sato et al., 1995 Marshall, 2010). Both drinks and infusions gave identical D-βHB AUC of 1.3–1.4 moles.min.Ĭonclusion: We conclude that exogenous ketone drinks are a practical, efficacious way to achieve ketosis. In the final study, participants were given KE over 9 h as three drinks ( n = 12) or a continuous nasogastric infusion ( n = 4) to maintain blood D-βHB concentrations greater than 1 mM.
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All ketone drinks lowered blood glucose, free fatty acid and triglyceride concentrations, and had similar effects on blood electrolytes, which remained normal.
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Food lowered blood D-βHB C max by 33% (Fed 2.2 mM, Fasted 3.3 mM, P < 0.001), but did not alter acetoacetate or breath acetone concentrations. In the second study, the effect of a meal before a KE drink on blood D-βHB concentrations was determined in 16 participants. The KE drink decreased blood pH by 0.10 and the KS drink increased urinary pH from 5.7 to 8.5. D-βHB, but not L-βHB, was slowly converted to breath acetone. Urinary excretion of both D-βHB and L-βHB was <1.5% of the total βHB ingested and was in proportion to the blood AUC. KS drinks were found to contain 50% of the L-βHB isoform, which remained elevated in blood for over 8 h, but was not detectable after 24 h.
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Both drinks elevated blood D-βHB concentrations (D-βHB C max: KE 2.8 mM, KS 1.0 mM, P < 0.001), which returned to baseline within 3–4 h. Methods and Results: In the first study, 15 participants consumed KE or KS drinks that delivered ~12 or ~24 g of βHB.
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Here, healthy human volunteers took part in three randomized metabolic studies of drinks containing a ketone ester (KE) (R)-3-hydroxybutyl (R)-3-hydroxybutyrate, or ketone salts (KS) sodium plus potassium βHB. An alternative way to increase blood D-β-hydroxybutyrate (D-βHB) concentrations is ketone drinks, but the metabolic effects of exogenous ketones are relatively unknown. Traditionally, ketosis has been achieved by following a high-fat, low-carbohydrate “ketogenic” diet, but adherence to such diets can be difficult. Background and aims: Currently there is considerable interest in ketone metabolism owing to recently reported benefits of ketosis for human health.